Lifestyle and Hobbies Essay

Barbara is a busy mother, who focuses much of her energy and attention on her children and financing their education. When she doesn’t work, she takes care of home and her focuses on cleaning, cooking and shopping for food and clothes for her family. Barbara doesn’t have enough time to watch much television and â€Å"doesn’t pay attention† to the few moments of commercial advertising that she is exposed to. However, she often listens to radio while working in her alternation shop. She often switches the radio channels looking for the classic music, broadcasts or news depending on her mood. Moreover, Barbara is too busy to look for a product; therefore, the anti aging cream should be easily accessible through home delivery or retailers, which Barbara visits relatively often like supermarkets or pharmacies. Proposition for P n G The findings imply that the most effective method of advertising P&G’s product for this target segment is by the means of radio advertising. P&G should consider advertising its products through radio channels between broadcasts listened by the target segment. According to Research from 2008 made by Commercial Radio Australia, 95% of Australians listen to the radio weekly, which makes this medium one of the most effective and at the same time an inexpensive alternative of targeting the consumers. Therefore, to target segment represented by Barbara, P&G has to establish anti-aging cream which is simple, price compatible and accessible through supermarkets such as Coles or Woolworth. (Kotler & Armstrong, 2007) Purchasing behaviour Opinion of the interviewer (Barbara) Barbara uses the elimination-by-aspects decision rule while shopping. She tends to assign the importance rank and cut-off points to the evaluative criteria of the products she purchases. She chooses the products which are closest to her criteria rank. The key factor in Barbara’s purchase decision making is price. She doesn’t pay much attention to packaging or brand of the product. She often shops in Coles and Paddies Market. Proposition for P n G P&Q can increase the likelihood of the product being chosen by offering free samples, special price discounts and promotional packages. This method is called operant/instrumental conditioning and is particularly effective while introducing a new product to the market (Appendix 1). If Barbara tries the product under those conditions and she likes it, she is likely to continue purchasing it in the future (Davis, 270). The promotional package containing anti-aging cream, moisturising body lotion or shower cream can be a perfect â€Å"excuse† for Barbara to purchase the products that will benefit not only her, but, also her entire family. (Kotler & Armstrong, 2007) Likes and dislikes Opinion of the interviewer (Barbara) Barbara travels to and from her workplace six times a week. She dislikes waiting for the trains and buses. Proposition for P n G This finding cares an implication for P&G marketing team to consider placing billboards of their product on bus stops and train stations. More cost efficient option to that, would be repetitively advertising through MX free daily newspaper distributed on railway stations, tram and bus stops in Australia (Wikipedia, 2008). Because Barbara is strongly focused on wellbeing of her family, it would be sensible to use iconic rote method by advertising a range of products (moisturiser, shower cream etc. ) with an association to happiness and wellbeing of a whole family. (Murray, 2006) References Kotler , P & Armstrong, G 2007. Principles of Marketing. Prentice Hall; 12 edition. Murray , C 2006. The Marketing Gurus: Lessons from the Best Marketing Books of All Time. Portfolio Hardcover.

HSC Legal Studies: Re- doing the assessment Essay

The Australian legal system and social media has responded attentively towards young offenders. The effectiveness and result is clearly shown through the community’s response, police officers and government officials that has implemented new strategies for young offenders to be â€Å"back on their feet† because the legal system has recognized the incapability of a young person(s) to understand the legal system. The maturity level and inexperience are causes for them to offend the law. However a person(s) lifestyle and behavior can affect how you treat and respect the laws of the land. One other reason why young offenders are treated differently is due to the protection made by an international organization. This treaty is founded as â€Å"Convention on the rights of a child†- also known as CROC. CROC is a set of comprehensive rights given to children under 18years of age. The Australian government ratified the convention in December 1990 but only became binding in 1991- delayed by the extensive process of ratifying the convention in each state of Australia. Therefore explains the one year gap between the years. A former US researcher from the Institute of mental health has given factual points that a human brain does not finish developing until its late 20’s. The researcher stated â€Å"It’s unfair to expect young people to have a fully developed understanding of the law and treat them as adults, when their brains have not yet finish developing into adulthood stage. This researcher has demonstrated that a young person(s) dependency is still sustained with their former parent(s).Thus creating a barrier to give them full responsibility as a young person and an evidential proof that shows why young people must be treated differently- having said young people are still dependent with their former parents shows the lack of incentives to take on the legal system which is not indulged by parents, but it’s a turmoil structural system of the Australian Constitution. A Constitution which is consistent with the law not inconsistent. Constructed within the constitution is the Young offenders Act 1997, which states in article 55 sbe; penalties imposed on a child for an offence should be no greater than that is imposed on an adult. This act will protect them from receiving the same punishment as adult. It’s legally recognized in all court proceedings especially the criminal justice system. But because it is legally recognized young people take the advantage and at times purposely use this act to be discharged from the serve penalty. This is why the rate of re-offenders are relatively high- as seen in a research document of re-offenders illustrated by Jessie Holmes which works for the Bureau of Crime Statistic and Research, 40% of the offenders re-offend within one year time. The Criminal Justice System has also seen that young people who offends have a particular characteristics of a lifestyle which is distraught and abrupt, therefore affecting their behavior and leading them to counteract the law. The result is that the Criminal Justice System has provided with programs which enable them to attain reliable resources such as kids help line, young justice centers and community support programs. Another factor is the Human right and equal opportunities commission Act 1986 applying to all. For young offenders the international treaty which was created by the UN have exempted legislation(s) specifically for young offenders- such as â€Å"Convention of the rights of the Child Act 1990† covering all rights and protection for all children around the world. This treaty commenced due to a high number of unprotected children which has â€Å"no voice† in other words no right that enable them to freely do what they want and need. This treaty gives children a voice to speak but because only a few members on the United Nations ratified this convention- it is only a soft law because of a state sovereignty, there are still unprotected children being kept away from their rights. The convention goes as far as the state is willing to take it. An example of this convention being breached is in China- where children are not entitled completely to their rights which is a breach of the international treaty and China is one of the main veto power members that can ultimately do as it pleases therefore the international treaty is not enforceable but just being neglected. This approach stated through the first of many cases R v Wilcox 15 Aug 1979, where the judge made a remark that â€Å" in case of a youthful offender, considerations of punishment and general deterrence of others may be properly discarded in favor of individualized treatment of the offender, directed to his rehabilitation† This case sets a precedent that strives to protect the child’s right and ensure that the law should recognize children/ young people. Due to this case it has given many recognition towards young people and its incapability to follow the law and be protected by many legal organization that believes there is more to it. Explaining why they are treated differently in our Australian legal system. How young offenders are treated differently are dealt with strategies, policies that enable each and one of the young offender to understand their wrong doings. Police officers and Government officials have other ways of making young offenders to listen, obey, an d rehabilitate from where they were before. A recent activity was made from the police officers as they have relocated their staff members in the Sydney CBD because of the many incident reports. The Governor General has suggested that young offenders should be sent to bush camps instead of being locked up in cells. Which can help them understand why and how it is important to obey the law. They’re trying to find alternatives that will be easier for young offenders to rehabilitate. This approach could or could not be effective because it still comes back to the psychological part of an individual whether they want to accept or learn where they went wrong. This approach has said to been working with the ones whose been re-offending so far. A new activity that the new government has chosen to do is giving young offenders a choice whether to go to a diversionary conference or a court. The diversionary conference is similar to the one in Canberra where the young offender are put into shame through wearing shirts that exclaims their offence. Canberra’s diversionary conference has enacted and now proceeding through the following areas; Queanbeyann, Yas and South coast township. As an aim to bring peace towards their families and victims. The Australian federal police has been running trials of shaming conferences in ACT since 1992 and these schemes have been established in Western Australia, South Australia, Victoria and Queensland- but still evaluating the options. Commander Ike Ellis who is responsible for the NSW youth said â€Å" the new laws gave police a greater option to deal with young offenders/people more effectively. In saying this new law has been a great opportunity for the Australian government to deal with young offenders/people because it achieves a greater effectiveness towards the young people. On the other hand the Juvenile Justice Centre has constructed a program for youth drivers. Where road safety gives young drivers rewards for driving safely on the road. This has been funded by the Juvenile Justice Minister Barbara Perry. The program was given $2580. The aim is to prevent young people from road crashes. The result is that 150,000 high school students across Australia have attended the course. They’ve targeted 16-17years old who are starting to drive. It’s given young offenders an opportunity to learn road safety whilst being in custody. This program is an incentive for young offenders. The effectiveness is that more young people/students are aware of the road safety and this has dropped from 45% to now 29% on traffic offences. All of the objectives and aims from community, police officers and government officials is trying to find alternative from jail. In respect that young people still lack the intellectual mentality that is needed and required by the government and communities. They have seen that the number of young offenders been locked up continue to re-offend comparison to the others where they are been put into programs, which allow them to see their problems. Young offenders will always be treated differently because young people are not fully equipped to handle the responsibility and liabilities.

Causes And Consequences Of Bribery In International Business Essay

Causes And Consequences Of Bribery In International Business - Essay Example Earlier regulations against corruption focused on companies in China only. Foreign companies often had to pay for getting licenses, indulge in the black market, evade customs, pay for foreign trips of officials, payments of their kids’ foreign education, or form cartels to overcome the system. The loose implementation of FCPA made it easier for US companies to indulge in corruption practices.  The â€Å"Criminal Law of the PRC† covers acts of bribery of state officials and employees of state-owned enterprises. The â€Å"Law Against Unfair Competition of the PRC† stops companies from giving money or property to customers.  The presence of grey areas such as the issue of gifts below the monetary value of $600 makes it less effective. The laws are framed in such a way that any kinds of gifts to anybody can be interpreted by manipulation of the law.  To control corruption practices, the US Company while starting its business in China, should modify its policies and procedures to suit the culture of the country, along with continuous training and reminding of the rules.  The comments by the US Foreign Services Agent highlight the shortcomings in the existing law and the inclination of agents towards helping US companies in corruption matters to provide them a level playing ground field with other country's companies.  1. The different types of bribes, payments or favors are payments for licenses to import and export, payment for foreign trips of Chinese officials, payment for the foreign apartment, foreign education of kids, payments to sell or purchase goods, payments to state officials in return of some favors, payments to evade customs.  6. The comments by the former US Foreign Service Agent highlight the flaws in the legal system, and unethical behavior of the agents. It is unethical as well as illegal to assist business by providing them the best corruption practices.  

Critical Response Paper I Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Critical Response I - Research Paper Example This soft and tender film has lots of melodrama puts emphasis on characters’ affiliation dynamics and do not have any major male characters (Almodovar Film). The producer may have been female chauvinist or he was rather interested in exposing female behaviors. Perhaps Pedro Almodovar wanted to show the dark side of the religion such as drugs, sex and violence that has dominated his country and the world at large. The movie offers best lessons to the immoral society and can therefore be regarded as educative and provocative in a way. The film is stylistically produced through the use of long sinuous tracking shots which makes it more interesting to follow. There is also domination of red color such as Yolanda’s red nails which symbolizes danger or the unreligious theme of the film (Almodovar Film). This film can also be described as widely funny and gusts with lots of unavoidable scandal and can also be thought as silly. There is great humor when the nuns sympathetically forgive people who have committed sin simply because the nuns are more sinners than others. This is one of the unique behaviors in the film that cannot be expected in the normal situation (Kinder 343). The film characterization hypocritically shows what they denounce making the film to sound absurd and justification of the spiritual crisis. Almodovar does not give required emphasis to some of the Dark Habits’ issues such as rampant drug abuse and other sneaky sins. The producer must have been guided by urge of finding moral purpose in the current immoral world which has gone astray with hypocrisy. Pedro is indeed a great artist particularly considering his inventive camera angles and the surreal anti-religious acts in the movie (Almodovar Film). Dark Habits reveals much about the catholic religion which is dominated by male and gives great reverence to Virgin Mary. Exposure

Self-Assessment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Self-Assessment - Assignment Example I love giving back to the society, especially children, so whenever I get a chance to touch a child’s heart, I do not hesitate, I dedicate one day each month to visit a children’s home close to where I live. Before I visit, I collect clothes, food stuffs, shoes and toys from those who are willing to give and give to the children on my visit. Another hobby that I have is cooking, over the years I have collected hundreds of recipes that I enjoy trying out at home, it always gives me great pleasure to see my family and friends enjoy the food that I have prepared. I have even come up with my own recipes that I submit to food websites. I am motivated, I take my work seriously and every opportunity that I get to improve on the business I take advantage of it. I have a routine that involves me getting up early in the morning so that I can have time for exercise and to read my emails and also study. I keep myself updated on the trends of the food industry as that is the line of business that we are involved in, I borrow a leaf from other companies that are in the same line of work and try to implement what I find useful and sustainable. So far, the business’ earnings have improved remarkably and we are looking to open another outlet once we get the right location. I am a leader, this is the most important aspect of the work that I am doing and the course that I am taking, to be a good manager, I need to be a great leader. In our line of business, it is important for me to ensure that we are running efficiently and effectively, by keeping our expenses low, our returns high and our customers and employees happy. Being the manager, I have a team that I work with to ensure all these happen and I empower them by asking for their opinions and how they think we should implement some strategies. I then delegate work to them so that they can be responsible for their own actions and also feel that their input in the business is valued. When a job has

Monetary Policy of the U.S. Federal Reserve Essay

Monetary Policy of the U.S. Federal Reserve - Essay Example This paper discusses the U.S. Federal Reserve's monetary policy. Most simple put the attempt by the Federal Reserve to establish balanced national income and help spur economic growth by controlling the size of the money supply is termed as monetary policy. It is implemented with the help of policy tools which usually consist of open market operations, discount rates, and reserve requirements. Open market operations are the strongest monetary policy tool consisting of the purchase and sale of treasury and federal agency securities. The federal open market committee normally specifies all short-term objectives related to open market operations. These objectives normally identify reserve targets or the desired federal funds rate. It is interesting to note that there have been diverse objectives over the years ranging from federal funds rate targets in the eighties to policy changes in the nineties. No matter what the short term objective the long term objective has always been price st ability and sustainable economic growth. Another integral monetary policy tool is the discount rate which most simply put is the interest rate being charged to depository institutions including commercial banks on loans they receive from their regional discount window (Federal Reserve Bank's lending facility). These loans include primary, secondary and seasonal credit each one with its own respective interest rate. The primary credit program consists of very short term loans to sound financial institutions. Those not eligible for primary credit are allowed to apply for secondary credit whereas seasonal credit is provided to those depository institutions that have fluctuating funding requirements. It should be noted that the discount rates on all three lines of credit vary with the rate on primary credit being the lowest followed by a higher rate on secondary credit whereas the seasonal credit discount rate is an average of selected discount rates. Reserve requirements are another monetary tool that which as the name signif ies are the number of reserve funds that a depository institution must hold as a safeguard against deposit liabilities. These reserves are held in the form of physical cash or deposits with Federal Reserve Banks with the board of governors having lone authority over any changes in the reserve requirements. The reserve requirements are not erratic and are determined using Federal Reserve Board Regulations.All of the above help the government implant its monetary policy and eventually result in a stronger economic power. Proper use of monetary policy can have extremely positive results which were visible during the first half of 2006 when the US economy showed speedy growth. Any change in the federal funds rate triggers a chain of events that affect other short-term interest rates, foreign exchange rates, long-term interest rates, the amount of money and credit, and, ultimately, a range of economic variables, including employment, output, and prices of goods and services.

Female Rural-urban Immigration in China Research Paper

Female Rural-urban Immigration in China - Research Paper Example The main reason why China aimed at establishing such a market system is to enable links to rural, urban, domestic as well as international markets. The intended market system would also promote the efficient resource allocation (Meng, 77). The establishment of a security system would ensure social stability as well as the development of the economy. In 1997, the Chinese government emphasized on the importance of private sectors in the social economy of China with the claim that they encourage the profitability of factors of production such as capital, labor and technology. It was until 2001 when major achievements were realized in the various fields and reforms were then running smoothly. At the present China has established a market system that plays the role of ensuring efficient allocation of resources. Future plan include establishing a fully developed market economy by the year 2020 (Meng, 78). As an already developed country, China’s economy is now characterized by huge infrastructural developments such as roads and industries. It is also characterized by advanced technology which has come to replace human labor in their work places, good education and health facilities whose working conditions are hygienic. Workers in various institutions in the country especially in the urban areas are paid high wages. Roads, industries, agriculture and health facilities such as pharmaceuticals all contribute to the Gross Domestic Product of China which is continuing to increase. Population increase has also been realized in China. Population statistics of China indicate that the female population is less than the male population. Over the past decades, birth rates included eighty girls out of... This paper stresses that the major elements included in the reform of China’s economy included: agricultural sector, enterprises owned by the state, price system, financial sector, infrastructure and the welfare system at large. As from 1984, the restructuring of the China economy was moved from rural regions to the urban areas. The major aspects in the reform of the economy in China included developing the economic elements while placing the economy’s public sector in a major position. The requirements of the market economy had to be met and this had to be strictly ensured by changing the enterprises owned by the state to fit in the modern system of enterprise. The main reason why China aimed at establishing such a market system is to enable links to rural, urban, domestic as well as international markets. This essay declares that migration in China before 1978 was rampant and this resulted to high population flows especially in the urban areas. Population movement then became an issue of concern by the Chinese Government. After the Chinese war, most people were moved back to their villages and other moved to cities to look for jobs. Urban cities were magnets for the rural residents who aimed at benefiting from the state. Later, the Government realized that there were a huge number of people moving into cities and it criticized the blind population flow. Later on, the government introduced the Ho Kou system which checked and regulated the movement of people.

Informational Interview Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Informational Interview - Article Example He told me that perseverance and relentless struggle are two most important skills which I need to work on if I wanted to become a professor in biomedical engineering in the future. This is because this is a highly competitive field and great focus on emerging technologies and research work is required to gain a competitive edge over other players in the field. I discovered that to become a fellow of AIMBE which is a US association reserved only for the top 2% of the best biomedical engineers, one should get fiercely engaged in research activities involving areas of biological and pharmaceutical systems. The top three qualities of a professional in the field with which Dr. Putnam is associated refer to a deep understanding of engineering design principles, production of functional biomaterials, and design of those biomaterials. When I asked Dr. Putnam about how I can make myself a more competitive or desirable applicant in any job area related to biomedical engineering, he wisely tol d me that I should develop keen interest in research work and remain prepared to conduct a series of experiments to fulfil that purpose which demands a lot of

Conducting a Literature Review Data Collection Essay

Conducting a Literature Review Data Collection - Essay Example For instance, the mothers’ smoking habit also increases the probability of ‘physician-diagnosed asthma and wheezing’ after first few years of birth. For instance, the unborn children in uterus were found vulnerable to asthma and adverse respiratory effects primarily because of maternal smoking. 1.2 – Maternal Smoking and Low Birth Weight Veiga & Wilder (2006) conducted an extensive research on maternal smoking habit during pregnancy among African – American and Caucasians in American society. The authors actually based their research on previous findings of 180 – 200 gm weight deficit among new born children whose mothers smoke during pregnancy. Their new research results augmented the weight losses as the researcher revealed that maternal smoking is noxious for health of unborn children and that the smoking causes weight loss of 200 – 230 gm. For instance, the probability of low birth delivery (LBD) among smoking mothers during pregnan cy is twice than that of non-smoking women. In addition, the demographic factors such as race, marital status, age, education and income level also impact the results since greater percentage of LBDs had been recorded among Caucasians in comparison to Afro – American women.

The Critical Nature of Water Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Critical Nature of Water - Essay Example The fireweed has only recently been observed and has been analyzed at the University of Queenslands marine botany lab by scientist Judith ONeil. Fireweed is a hairy strain of ancient bacteria that flourished on earth 2.7 billion years ago. The poisonous weed, cyanobacteria, has appeared in at least a dozen locations around the globe. According to Weiss, the bacteria has devolved in response to the pollution of the worlds oceans. In an evolutionary sense, bacteria are very adaptable and can quickly mutate to adapt to new conditions (Campbell & Reese 2002 p.340). It is a result of "...overdosing the oceans with basic nutrients--the nitrogen, carbon, iron and phosphorous compounds that... wash into the sea from fertilized lawns and cropland, seep out of septic tanks and gush from sewer pipes". These are not the deadly carcinogens such as dioxin or PCBs. These are the basics of life and demonstrates the critical balance of the quality of our water supply. According to Goudie (1994), this will eventually lead to severe oxygen depletion and result in massive fish kills (p.214). Further destruction is evident in the coral beds of the Caribbean where as much as 80% have been lost in recent years. Weiss says that this "quiet creep of environmental decay" has gone unchecked and largely unnoticed for decades. Scientist Jeremy Jackson stated that, "Were pushing the oceans back to the dawn of evolution, to a half-billion years ago when the oceans were ruled by jellyfish and bacteria". Biology has discovered the problem and biology can prescribe the remedy. The article was a factual account of the destruction of the oceans water. It drew from first hand experiences and quoted biology experts that had researched the problem.

Enterprise Systems Essay Example for Free

Enterprise Systems Essay Enterprise systems, according to the text, are: a set of integrated software modules and a central database that enables data to be shared by many different business processes and functional areas throughout the enterprise. (Laudon Laudon, 2011)Let’s say, for example, the financial department of an organization needs to audit all of the orders fulfilled by the Sales and Marketing department. With an integrated enterprise system, there is no need to request the information and wait for it to be sent to the financial department from the distribution center. Both departments are linked by a central database that they can both access at any given time. This reduces the time between requesting the data and utilizing it for the department’s needs. If the Sales and Marketing department does not keep the Distribution department aware of what is being sold, then prompt delivery of the product cannot be guaranteed. These enterprise systems also increase the security of the database. Having separate databases for each department will increase the chance for lost data. The needs of each department can be considered separate, but when looking at it from an organizational perspective, each department is a part of a larger entity. This entity cannot survive without the cooperation of each of its departments working together. †¢How does effectively implementing and using enterprise systems contribute to achieving operational excellence? As stated in the above answer, a properly implemented enterprise system creates a more accessible, secure, and usable database. An organization that allows each department to access the information needed to run smoothly and effectively can save time and productivity. If compared to a system of separate departments and databases, we can see the benefits of the enterprise system. Any department, with the proper access, can get the information they need to do the work that they need to do. Without this, we would see an information system with the possibility of lost data due to poor communication between departments. This relates to the question of security. It is easier for a database specialist to keep one large database secure and safe than it would be to work with several separate databases. The question of who can access what data from what department is easily controlled within the database itself, which allows for easier backup of data as well. A unified database can also benefit each separate department by easily allowing them to access only the information they need, this boosts the security of not only the database, but all information in that database. All of these contribute to the ease of use of the database and a smoother running operation. †¢What challenges are posed by enterprise applications? There are many different challenges that arise when implementing an enterprise system. Accessibility is one of the biggest. What department can access what data? How can this data be used by the departments that have access to the data? The information used by the enterprise applications are the core of the database. Without it, there would be no need for the database to exist. Each department must have the proper applications that can communicate the data between the other departments. I have seen many instances where improper implementation was due to each department not complying with the software or hardware requirements of the enterprise system. This results in not only loss of productivity, but money wasted on applications not compatible with the base system. This also lowers the security of the enterprise system, which can result in the loss of data. Having a secure database, as I have said before, can also benefit the ease of use and better productivity not only for the IT department who keeps the database and systems running properly, but for the end user in the offices of each separate department. Only by working in concert and by having the appropriate applications for each separate department can an enterprise system work for the betterment of not only the organizations, but their customers or clients.

Why Do Most Teenagers Smoke Psychology Essay

Why Do Most Teenagers Smoke Psychology Essay Smoking is defined as the inhalation of the smoke of burning tobacco in cigarettes, pipes, and cigars. The smoke that inhaled contains about 4,000 chemicals, including cancer-causing nicotine, tar, and carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, ammonia and hydrogen cyanide (Martin T, 2008). Smoking is also an addictive habit that can have long negative effects on health, including mental and physical health (Nyholm C, 2009). There are many negative effects cause by smoking such as lung diseases, heart diseases, stroke and increasing blood pressure (Iannelli V, 2004). Tar is the brown, tacky material that left behind at the end of the cigarette filter. It makes a smokers teeth and fingers brown and coats everything it touches with a brownish-yellow film. Tar in the cigarette smoke paralyzes the cilia in the lungs and leads to lung diseases. For examples, emphysema, bronchitis and lung cancer (Martin 2006). Carbon Monoxide (CO) is a type of gas which is colorless, neutral and tasteless. When the level of carbon monoxide in the blood increases, it will decrease the ability to carry oxygen. It is harmful to the body at any level and it can cause death while long-term exposure at lower levels can lead to heart disease (Aiers 2007). Nicotine is an active drug which is also a stimulant that activates the brains rewards system can be found in cigarette. Nicotine induces feelings of pleasure and increases mental awareness when it reaches the brain. Nicotine also constricts blood flow to the heart, thus increasing blood pressure and heart rate (Besinger 2003). Hydrogen cyanide, a colorless, poisonous gas, is one of the toxic present in cigarette smoke. Breathing in small amounts of hydrogen cyanide may cause a person headache, dizziness, weakness, nausea, and vomiting while breathing in larger amounts may cause them gasping, irregular heartbeats, fainting, and rapid death (Martin 2008). There are many factors causing teenagers smoke such as peer pressure, the feel good syndrome, curiosity, and the power of role models. Usually teenagers start smoking when their best friend smokes, but this is not the only factor as parental smoking can make it seem normal to do, the media can also make it look more attractive, and sometimes teenagers have very easy access to tobacco products (Gorman 1996). Teenagers always look for approval and acceptance from their peers. Friends who smoke will always encourage them to smoke (Christensen SA, 2008). This become a strong force for teenagers start to smoke just to fit in with the crowd. Frequently they feel confident and pressured. Some teenagers believe that smoking makes them more popular, cool, attractive, sexy or strong. They just want to have a cool look when people around see them and did not think of the negative effects that will affect their health (Evans 2008). 2.2 Feel good syndrome Smoking is a way to avoid feeling unpleasant emotions such as sadness, distress, and worry. It can hide apprehensions, fears, and pain. This is accomplished moderately through the chemical effects of nicotine on the brain.  Nicotine is one of the main ingredients in cigarettes which are poison and as addictive as heroin and cocaine (Stevenson J, 2008).When smoking, the release of brain chemicals makes smokers feel like coping and dealing with life and stressful emotional situations. Nicotine in the cigarette will increase the level of good feeling (Dr. Annette 2009). 2.3 Curiosity Cigarettes are available everywhere and almost anybody can get them. Wanted to know how smoke a cigarette feels like is always stated as a reason for teenagers to try to smoke a cigarette. People always feel curios and wanted to try something new in their life at teen age. Because of the availability of getting a cigarette is easy and the curiosity of teenagers, therefore it increase the number of teenagers who smoke (Evans 2008). 2.4 The power of role models Teens are most influenced by other friends close in age or slightly older, including siblings. Many of them smoke because their parents are smokers (Christensen SA, 2008). Therefore, a person whose best friends or older siblings smoke is much more likely to try smoking. In some cases, this is because the person looks up to his friends or family members and wants to be like them. Some of them think that doing the same thing only they can join in with the people around them although they know is not good for health (Evans 2008). 2 2.5 Media Portrayals of smoking in the media are nearly all attractive. Many of the teenagers admire the actors will follow what the actors do by watching those movie or drama. They do not think of the negative effect of smoking on their health but just want to be like the actors. They also do not think carefully whether the action did in the drama or movie is good or bad but just do it. Besides that, smoking also appears in music videos. Cigars are mainly seen as a symbol that goes with living the high life (Harsanyi 2007). 2.6 Help losing weight For some, teenager thought smoking can help them to lose their weight. They will use being overweight as an excuse to smoke (Spitzer J, 2003). Instead of eating, many teenagers especially girls will choose to smoke a cigarette. This keeps their minds off from food. Some of the teenagers think that smoking can help them achieve the look they want. They learn about this weight control methods mostly from their friends, so they start skipping meals and use cigarettes to replace the meal. Smoking does kill craving for food, but it does not help to lose weight as many as they think (Hutton 1996). Methods to prevent smoking There are many methods to prevent teenagers smoke so that they will have a healthy life and prevent from getting some disease. Everyone should know the method and prevent the people around them smoke so that it would not affect their health. By prevent from smoking, people would have a longer lifespan and can live happily because of having a healthy life. 3.1 Governments role Country should make more efforts to prevent teenagers smoke. More information about the effect of smoking should show by public service announcements. For example, show some pictures that how the smokers lungs look like. The country should also enforce the rules so that teenagers could not smoke under age. Besides, the sale of cigarettes in the country also should decrease (Abel 2009).It is also necessary to have anti-smoking campaign especially for teenagers at school and public areas. Teen anti-smoking campaign will definitely be helpful. Professional doctors should be volunteers to talk about the negative effect of smoking during the anti-smoking campaign to the teenagers. Examples of the campaign are Taknak!!, Fight smoking and A Powerful Tool for Health Promotion (Siegel M, 1998). Those anti tobacco campaigns will motivate the youth to know the negative effects of smoking cigarettes on health, economy and mentality and benefits of quitting smoking. It may also motivate teenagers to stay away from smoking (Jacoby p.A19). In addition, anti smoking slogans are also used to influence those smokers to quit or prevent teenagers from smoking. There are many slogans use to prevent teenagers from smoking such as Too much smoke will leave you broke, If you cant stop smoking, cancer will, There are cooler ways to die than smoking and You smoke, you die early, you save the government money (Bose D, 2009). 3 3.2 Parents role Parents should give more information about the negative effect of smoking to their children since they are still young and small. Almost all the first time smoking happens before high school graduation. If teenager has not started smoking before he or she graduates, chances are he or she never will. That is good news because parents still have the time to influence their choices of not trying smoking (Witmer 2006). Parents also should set a good example to their children by not smoking. If parents smoke and do not want to influence their children, the only way to prevent their children from smoking is avoid smoking in front of them and do not smoke at the place where their children can see such as in the house or car (Mayo 2010). 3.4. Teachers role Teachers also play an important role in preventing teenagers smoke. As a teacher, the way to prevent student smoke at teen age are care teenagers more and give them more teaching on the effect of smoking. Besides, teacher also should observe the students and stop them from smoking if found out that they had started to smoke. More moral and religion teaching should be given to the students in the school so that students can prevent themselves from start smoking. The school should have more healthy activities so that student will have more time to participate in good activities (Carney S, 2007). 3.5 Develop self respect and confidence There are many reasons that why teenagers smoke and one of the reason is because of peer pressure. Most of them think that it is a way to look cool and be a part of the crowd. They have to instill enough self respect, esteem and confidence so that they do not feel the need for external approval. People around should help teenagers build up their friendships, shape a healthy body image and deal with stress, without thinking about tobacco use. By helping teenagers and let them have enough confidence to themselves, they would not think of changing themselves by smoking and thus, they can prevent from smoking (Worth 1999). Conclusion In conclusion, there are many factors causing teenagers smoke such as pressure, the feel good syndrome, curiosity, the power of role models, media effect and help losing weight. Having campaign, parents role, national efforts, teachers role and develop self respect and confidence are important in this case so that it can prevent teenagers to smoke. Smoking is not good for health and there are many negative effect of smoking. Therefore, teenager should avoid smoking and take care of their health. (1864words) 4

The Function Of Subtitle

The Function Of Subtitle According to Mitterer H, McQueen JM, their book named Foreign Subtitle Help but Native Language Subtitle Harm Foreign Speech Perception. Understanding the foreign speech is not easy in common, especially because of unusual mapping between sounds and words. It is known that audiences in their native language can use lexical knowledge (about now words ought to sound) to learn how to pronouns an unusual foreign word in the movie. Subtitles are normally prepared in a movie, to provide lexical information, support perceptual learning about foreign speech for those audiences. According to Cai Q, Brysbaert M, his book SUBTLEX-CH: Chinese Word and Character. Subtitles are also makes video more accessible for people with hearing disabilities or deaf. It is hard to listen when the unfamiliar regional accent is in unfamiliar foreign languages. The unusual foreign vowels and consonants may mismatch more with native sound categories, seriously will fail to match any native category. This situation arises, for example, when we watch a film in a non-native language, a Malaysian listener, fluent in English and Chinese, watching a Thailand movie. He or she may have considerable difficulty understanding the language used in the movie. To adopt all those films or movie into target language culture, filmmakers use dubbing, voice-over and subtitles to make the movie more acceptable to those foreign countries. Besides, subtitles can translate speech, signs, letters and show sounds to aid the deaf and hard of hearing to understand more and follow the plot of the film. According to encyclopedia, it said that subtitle is used to interpret previously unheard words in a movie for those audiences. The ability to encode rules and to detect rule-violating events outside the focus of attention is vital for adaptive behavior. Our brain recordings reveal that violations of abstract auditory rules are processed even when the sounds are absent. When subjects performed a task related to the sounds but not to the rule, rule violations impaired task related to the sounds but not to the rule, rule violations impaired task performance and activated a network involving supratemporal, parietal and frontal areas although none of the subjects acquired explicit knowledge of the rule or became aware of rule violations. The finding that this happens even when subjects do not present the sounds supports the hypothesis that abstract rule encoding occurs unintentionally. The temporal and structural characteristics of the relevant brain response (MMN) were virtually identical in all conditions, that is, when subjects were ignoring the sounds, when they attended the sounds but rules were task-irrelevant, and when they attended the sounds and rules were task-relevant.( Schrà ¶ger E, Bendixen A, Trujillo-Barreto NJ, Roeber U ,2007) According to the Wikipedia, It announces that subtitles displayed at the bottom of a movie or television screen that translate or transcribes the dialogue or narrative in the movie. It is also giving additional information about its content like monolog, mind-thinking and emotion. Those subtitles can be in different categories: narrative, forced, content, titles only, bonus, localized and extended/expanded. While distributing content, subtitles can appear in one of 3 types: Hard (also known as hard-subtitles or open subtitles), Prerendered (also known as closed subtitles are separate video frames that are overlaid on the original video stream while playing), Soft (also known as soft-subtitles or closed subtitles). The positive effects of subtitles According to Mitterer H and McQueen JM, their book Foreign Subtitle Help but Native Language Subtitle Harm Foreign Speech Perception, what the group found the greatest advantage of subtitles is the fact that it preserves the original audio track. Thanks to the subtitles, the actors speak with their original voice, and the ambience sounds are not disrupted by voice-over or inserted dubbing recordings. When the audiences read the subtitles, they will more understand about the action, emotion and the expression by the actors in the movie. Thus, the audiences will become more interest and can be followed the part on the movie. The subtitles in a movie also focus on the speech act of characters. Audience can follow the movie by reading the subtitles at the bottom of the screen. It serve as an aid not only for the deaf and hard of hearing, but also for people who learn the foreign languages or who need visual aid aside form audio input for study. It is to ensure the studying foreign langua ge process is effective. So the effects are more important than lexical elements. Subtitles in the language of the film indicate which words are being spoken, and so can boost speech learning about foreign speech sounds and pronouns. The listeners can learn to interpret an ambiguous phoneme on the basis of disambiguating lexical contexts. That is why the movie always has prepared the foreign subtitles for the audiences. According to Cai Q, Brysbaert M, the book was named SUBTLEX-CH: Chinese Word and Character. Subtitles given the prior work on lexical retuning within the native language, and the suggestion that adaptation to foreign-accented speech is in part lexically driven, may be lexical retuning also in second-language listening. That is, listeners may be able to retune speech-sound categories based on their knowledge about how foreign words ought to sound or pronouns. Within subtitles, those listeners can learn about unfamiliar regional accents in a foreign language in the movie by reading subtitles prepared. It is a mechanism of lexically-guided perceptual learning. English subtitles should give provided in the most of the films, because it is international language. It can provide the extra information about the words being spoken by a character. According to encyclopedia.com, subtitles are a very useful ways of communicating what is being said on the movie to deaf people. Subtitles are also used for many other reasons than this, and deaf people often prefer not to have them or to use another method because of the drawback of subtitling. In addition, foreign movie are often subtitled to allow the people who do not know the language to follow the action. As a good example, a lot of Thailand movie are subtitled with English for the audiences to make sure the movie acceptable by others in foreign countries like Malaysia. According to the United Kingdom News and magazine, there wrote some comment about the subtitles. Subtitles can provide an additional source of information about the words that being spoken, and hence the sounds being heard, and so ought to reinforce lexically-guided learning. Our database is the first to include information about the contextual diversity of the words and to provide good frequency estimates for multi-character words and the different syntactic roles in which the words are used. The word frequencies are freely available for research purposes. Subtitles are a good estimate of daily language exposure and capture much of the variance in words processing efficiency. According to the Wikipedia, it announces that subtitle is a blessing and it really helps the people to understand the plot of the movie. It is also not a problem for people who watching movie in an overload background music and ambient noise environment. It is a good reason why the parents can take care their child when watching a movie. If you do not understand a word that have been spoken by the actor, you may look at the subtitle, it helps hearing impaired people understand a movie. People will more understand what the characters are saying and get a better idea of what is happening. The negative effects of subtitles Subtitles are limited both in time and space. An average subtitle consists of one or two lines of text, maximum 35 characters each. This limitation combined with the fact that on subtitle is at most displayed for four seconds gives us hard time to cover long utterances in dialogs.(Richard Curtis, 2003) According to United Kingdom News and magazine, another main disadvantage is the subtitles are mainly aiming at literate people with reading skills developed to a high extent. It is required from audience to read quick enough and do not only concentrate on the subtitles, but also the image above or just behind the subtitles, and often requires from them to use both skills simultaneously. Is that impossible concentrates on both in a whole movie? Of course, for non-deaf people they can still hear the emotion in an actors voice even if it is in a different or foreign language but it is not easy to follow so many things. Other countries prefer to dub program and film-where an actor speaking the language of the country where it is to be shown is recorded over the original language. But this is costly and time consuming and only worth the while of the crew if it is to be shown to a large number of people. But again, similar arguments prevail with regards to nuances being lost-especially as the subtitles tend to be an exact translation rather than taking idiom into account, and emotions being lost. Leo Freedman has a comment about the problem. I saw a superb subtitle mistake a couple of month agoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦there was a report on the news about a new employment policy that would benefit millions of unemployed and impoverished Indian citizens à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the subtitle read If this policy works, it may be set to achieve even more that my hammock man Ghandi! That kept me amused for weeks! Or maybe Muhatma had a hammock company I am unaware of? According to the Wikipedia, it said that translation of subtitling is sometimes very different from the translation of written text. Usually, the editor will watch the picture and listen to the audio sentence by sentence when a film or a movie is subtitled. The editor may or may not have access to a written transcript of the dialog. Especially in commercial subtitles, the editor often interprets what is meant, rather than translating how it is said, meaning being more important than form. The audience does not always appreciate this, and it can be frustrating to those who know some of the spoken language, because spoken language may contain verbal padding or culturally implied meaning, in confusing words, if not adapted in the written subtitles. The editor does this when the dialog must be condensed in order to achieve an acceptable reading speed, it purpose being more important than form. The result suggested that foreign subtitles are very helpful but that native-language subtitles provide no benefit or less benefit. Only one study focused on phonological processing; negligible benefits for non-native subtitles were found. Clear predictions can nevertheless still be made about the effects of subtitle language on speech learning. If lexically-guided retuning operates in second-language listening, and is open to any influence from subtitles, then the influence should depend on the language of the subtitles. According to encyclopedia.com, the native subtitles may be easier for observes to read, but providing misleading or misunderstand information about the phonological forms being spoken. If the audiences are more concentrated in reading the subtitles than is watching the movie, he or she will not learn the new language. The audience can hear the original sound, voice of the movie and see the correct timing of expressions on the actors faces as they speak their lines? This is hard to finish reading the subtitles at the bottom of a movie because it is past fast and not easy to digest. Lowering sight towards the bottom of the movie while reading the subtitles can become tiresome and/or distract from appreciating details, facial expressions and the emotion of those actors. The audience might be having such a good time reading the subtitle that is could prevent from watching the actual movie, it could block things in the movie and make audiences hard to focus on the action.

A Dolls House Essay -- A Dolls House Essays

A Doll House Essay Ibsen said that his mission in life was to â€Å"Inspire individuals to freedom and independence† which was shown throughout the play A Doll House. Since he wrote modern theatre, the characters were real and audiences could relate to them. He particularly questioned the role of men and women during his time. Ibsen used A Doll House to motivate women so they would seek more power and freedom in their relationships. Audiences could then look up to characters such as Nora and Mrs Linde whom were independent, some what ahead of their times. Ibsen’s purpose was to not only to enlighten women of their unfair status but also to make the men understand women are much smarter than what they think. His goal was to change these attitudes of all humans so equality could be reached. By 1878-79, when A Doll House was written, women’s rights had become a burning issue. People such as John Stuart Mill who wrote The Subjection of Women (1869) were one of the first to raise these issues and could be seen as an early feminist. They raised question as to whether the female role was fair. Before then, women were very submissive and had little opportunities. They were unable to have a job and were expected to do household duties and take care of the children. Men were the dominant ones but the women knew no different. For the few who could see this inequality, they were seen as ‘unfeminine’ as they were thinking for themselves, which is something only a man would do. Ibsen would be on their sides and tried to express that it was all right, through his characters. Nora plays upon her innocence and helplessness at the beginning to achieve things, being the typical stereotype of women in this time. â€Å"Oh, please,... ... stand up for themselves. They were unlike the stereotype in which women were made into and took responsibility for their actions. The play would make people think and discuss these roles of men and women and even question the values of society. Ibsen hoped he would make women realise they deserve a choice as to whether they want to marry and to be equal with men. Bibliography Mills, John Stuart 1860, The Subjection of Women, Prometheus Books, New York â€Å"Ibsen- woman’s rights† 2005 http://www.unesco.org/webworld/mdm/2001/fr/ibsen/form.html, 24/04/05 â€Å"A Doll House- Ibsen† 2005 http://www.novelguide.com/ADoll'sHouse/themeanalysis.html 24/04/05 â€Å"Woman’s right and roles† 2005 http://www.unesco.no/kommunikasjon/hukommelse/ibsen.html. 24/04/05 â€Å"Woman’s Liberation, Ibsen† 2005 http://www.international-relations.com/cm3-2/Feminismweb. html 24/04/05

SURFING ON THE FAST LANE :: essays research papers

Are you tired of those slow downloads you’re getting when you surf the internet? Bored of waiting just to make a few transactions in your e-billing account? Then forget your old modem and switch to ADSL. For those of you that are not familiar with this new technology, let me explain a little bit about what it is. Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) is a transmission technology that enhances the use of existing telephone lines, providing high-bandwidth data and voice services. This is possible taking advantage of unused high frequencies of existing copper wiring in the PSTN (Plain Switched Telephone Network), allowing data to travel back and forth on the high frequencies while voice simultaneously travels back and forth on the lower frequencies without experiencing interruptions. It is asymmetrical because the download speeds (1.4 Mbps) are much faster than the upload speeds (256 kbps); this means that it’s faster to download a file than to upload a file to the sa me server.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Having said this I’ll focus on how to install an ADSL modem, a modem for those of you that don’t know is an acronym for Modulator Demodulator, a modem is a device that converts data from digital computer signals to analog signals that can be sent over a phone line, this is called modulation. The analog signals are then converted back into digital data by the receiving modem, this is called demodulation. In this occasion I have chosen the latest of Microsoft Operating Systems, which is Windows XP, hopefully by the time you read this, Microsoft has not come up with something newer, since they change Operating Systems like we change clothes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First we need to make sure that the PC meets the minimum system requirements, for Windows XP they are: a 300Mhz processor or faster, a processor is an integrated circuit that executes the instructions of a program that drives the computer, 128MB of memory, 100MB of free disk space, a CD-ROM drive, a Network Interface Card, a NIC is a circuit board that allows the computer to connect to a network, and a Super VGA monitor (800x600) or higher resolution video adapter.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Well, with all this taken into consideration let’s get started, there are different kinds of modems that accomplish these task, but I will select one with an Ethernet port, Ethernet is one of the most widely-installed local area network (LAN) technologies, that provides transmission speeds of up to 10Mbps, which is more than enough for ADSL speeds.

Heinrich Rudolf Hertz :: biographies biography bio

He was born in Hamburg on 22 February 1857. His father Dr. jur. Gustav Ferdinand Hertz was Jewish, who had converted to Christianity. He was an advocate in Hamburg, then Oberlandsgerichtsrat, and from 1887 Senator and head of the administration of justice. His mother Anna Elisabeth, nà ©e Pfefferkorn, was the daughter of the Frankfurt doctor, Dr. Pfefferkorn. As a child he was interested in practical things and equipped his own workshop. At age of 15, he entered the Johanneum Gymnasium (figure 1). he passed his Abitur (GCE A-levels), the best in his class. He showed an early interest in the natural sciences, and a practical skill in building physics equipment in the family workshop. He was also an enthusiastic linguist, learning Arabic and Sanskrit. Three years later, he left schood and went to Frankfurt to gain practical experience as the beginning of a career in engineering. In 1876 He went to Dresden Ploytechnic to work. He entered Munich University to be a scientist rather than an engineer during a year of compulsory military service from 1876 to 1877. In addition, he began studies in mathematics, but switched to practical physics. He moved to Berlin in 1878 and he met Hermann Helmholtz (1821 - 1894) who immediately recognized his talents and encouraged him greatly. He gained his PhD in 1880 and reminded at Berlin to work with Helmholtz as his assistant. In 1883, Hertz moved to Kiel to lecture in physics. He began his studies of the recent electromagnetic theory of James Clerk Maxwell. Maxwell's theory had been based on unusual mechanical ideas about the luminiferous ether. and had not been universally accepted. In 1884, Hertz rederived Maxwell's equations by a new method, casting them in modern form without assumption of ether. However, the lack of a proper laboratory there caused him to take up the position of Professor of Physics at Karlsruhe and stayed for four years in 1885. In 1886 Hertz married Elizabeth Doll, daughter of a Karlsruhe professor; they had two daughters named Johanna and Mathilde. He discovered radio waves in 1888. In the same year, he began to suffer from toothache. In 1889 Hertz was appointed professor of physics at the University of Bonn and he continued his research on the discharge of electricity in rarefied gases. During the summer of 1892, he suffered from a bone disease and died of blood poisoning on 1 January 1894 at the early age of 36.

Why Might The Enron Collapse Make A Good Play Accounting Essay

Question 10:Fix a concern study ( as if for senior direction ) on two of the followers. Use the Internet as a resource. Length about 200-300 words each excepting any appendices. Use right referencing and include a bibliography. a. Digital Dashboards. Include in your study definitions, types, history, benefits, disadvantages, and screenshots of illustrations and an account of how splashboards could be used to show corporate societal duty. OR b. Bounded reason in determination devising. OR c. Critically measure ‘predictably irrational ‘ ( Dan Ariely ) OR d. Why might the Enron prostration make a good drama ) ( Google Enron – the Play )Question 1:15-35:Formula position:In this exercising, we do n't cognize precisely how $ 78,000 in dealing ( a ) was paid. In this instance, we assumed that this money is account collectible. If it is paid by hard currency, the operating income for Cash BASIC would be $ 56,800 – $ 78,000 = $ -21,200, a loss of $ 21,200.2.From my position, the accrual footing should be considered as the step of Dr. Sanchez ‘s public presentation in 20X1. Because it includes all assets and liabilities looking in all minutess, while the hard currency footing contains merely hard currency which was used in this twelvemonth. So the accrual footing can reflect the efficiency of Dr. Sanchez ‘s concern more precisely than the hard currency BASIC. For illustration, in dealing ( vitamin D ) , $ 20,000 fee billed have been earned and we can merely see this money in the accrual footing but non in the hard c urrency footing. The authorities normally uses accrual footing for the income revenue enhancement intent in companies. In instance the authorities uses hard currency BASIC, it will be better for the companies in which hard currency BASIC is less than accrual basic. Normally these companies have little concern and different intents.Question 2:15-1, 15-3, 15-4, 15-13, 15-1615-1:The income statement ( besides called a net income and loss statement ) replies inquiries about company ‘s fiscal public presentation during a period of clip. The income statement provides information about a company ‘s net income or loss. The balance sheet ( or a province of fiscal place ) replies inquiries about concern ‘ fiscal position at a specific minute in clip. A balance sheet encompasses assets, liabilities, and proprietors ‘ or shareholders ‘ equity.15-3:A company ‘s income statement shows the net income or loss over a span of clip, while balance sheet is a snapshot of the fiscal position at an blink of an eye of clip. Therefore, the income statement is the major nexus between balance sheets. In add-on, the income statement = hard currency flow statement + balance sheet.15-4:â€Å" Net income is the difference in the ownership capital history balances at two points in clip † . This statement is erroneous because net income is the surplus of grosss over disbursals. There are other factors which affect the ownership capital history but non the net income, such as dividends or ownership investing.15-13:â€Å" Dividends are distribution of net incomes † . This statement is no n truly precisely. Although profitable operations create the ability to pay dividends, dividends are distributions of assets to shareholders.15-16:Ethical motives and unity are of import to comptrollers because they are the hallmark of the accounting profession. Accountants have to do users rely on their information. Furthermore, assurance in fiscal statements depends on the competency and unity of comptrollers and hearers.Question 3:16-A1:Formula ViewQuestion 4:15-42:Formula View:Inventories: $ 10,895.1 – $ 315.1 – $ 1,057.4 – $ 2,661.6 – $ 6,141.3 = $ 719.7 Entire Stockholders ‘ equity: $ 173.2 + $ 1,995.8 = $ 2,169.0 ( degree Celsius ) Entire liabilities: $ 2,317.8 + $ 681.7 + $ 4,507.0 + $ 1,219.6= $ 8,726.1 or $ 10,895.1 – $ 2,169.0 = $ 8,726.1Question 5:16-4:â€Å" Accrued depreciation is a amount of hard currency being accumulated for the replacing of fixed assets † . I think this statement is non rather precisely. Depreciation is an allotment of an historical cost to write off ( Horngren, 2008, p754 ) . Accumulated depreciation sum expresses merely the expired value of an plus and it is non hard currency or any other assortment of assets that can be used to purchase another plus.16-7:â€Å" To capitalise an sum spent means that it will non be charged as an disbursal † . I do n't hold with this statement. â€Å" To capitalise an sum means to enter it as an plus instead as an disbursal † ( Horngren, 2008, p732 ) . Therefore it will non be immediately charged as an disbursal but it will be charged as an disbursal when capitalized plus is used.16-8:â€Å" Good will may hold nil to make with the personality of the director or employees † . I agree with this statement. Harmonizing to Horngren ( 2008, p733 ) , â€Å" good will is the surplus of the cost of an acquired company over the amount of the just market values of it identifiable single assets less its liabilities † .16-16:The statement of hard currency flows illustrates alterations in hard currency grosss and hard currency payments of an organisation during a period. This statement shows the relationship of net income to alterations in hard currency balances. Furthermore, it reports pas hard currency flows in order to foretell future hard currency flows, evaluate direction ‘s coevals and usage of hard currency and find whether company can pay involvement, dividends and debts on clip ( Horngren, 2008, p740 ) .16-29:â€Å" Depreciation is an built-in portion of a statement of hard currency flows. † I do non hold with this statement. Depreciation is added to net income to calculate hard currency flow but it does non impact hard currency and it does non imply a cu rrent escape of hard currency ( Horngren, 2008, p754 ) .Question 6:16-56:Formula ViewQuestion 7:What went incorrect at One Tel?One Tel failed because of an expensive error, they failed to pull off receivables and liabilities. They spent excessively much clip on advancing and spread outing One Tel but non adequate clip concentrating on operation of the concern system. In 2000, One Tel spent $ 525.6 million on buying Australia spectrum licence in order to spread out their web and take the market from Optus. However there was a job with their system so they could non sell this web at its existent value, and it did non do net income. One Tel was cleared bank bill of exchange in 2001.What are the major fiscal studies?The major fiscal studies are: – Statement of finance public presentation – Statement of finance place – Statement of hard currency flow. – Mugwump Audit Report.3. Why are net incomes of import? Why is hard currency flow of import?Net incomes are of import because the function of capitalist economic system is to do a net income or travel out of concern. Net incomes show how a company operates efficaciously and productively every bit good as the return of investing. Cash flow is of import because it is one of the most primary grounds which make the concern fails. If companies want to better their concern and net incomes, they have to guarantee precise hard currency flow to do right fiscal programs.4. How did One Tel show a positive hard currency balance?One Tel showed a positive hard currency balance by the wages on sale volume. By advancing the selling, One Tel wanted clients to utilize more profitable services One Tel offered them.5. What are the features of a good internal control system?Harmonizing to the COSO ( Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission ) , internal control can be defined as â€Å" a procedure, effected by an entity ‘s board of managers, direction and other forces, designed to supply sensible confidence sing the accomplishment of aims in the undermentioned classs: effectivity and efficiency of operations, dependability of fiscal coverage and conformity with applicable Torahs and ordinances. â₠¬  ( Internal Control-Integrated Framework, Executive Summary, 1992 ) The features of a good control system consists five cardinal constituents: The Control Environment: the most of import one because if sets the tone for the organisation, and contributes the ordinance and construction for the other constituents. Hazard Appraisal: used to place, analyse and manage relevant hazards to the accomplishment of aims. Information and Communication: used to place, gaining control, and exchange fiscal, operational, and conformity information in a timely mode in order to enable people to transport out their duties. Control Activities: included policies and processs that make certain direction directives are implemented. Monitoring-processes: used to measure the quality of internal control public presentation over clip. ( Internal Control-Integrated Framework, Executive Summary, 1992 )Question 8:17-11:â€Å" It is better to acknowledge good will than to compose up assets to their just market values † . In a amalgamate statement, we have to compose up assets to their just market values at the clip of the acquisition. However if it is possible, acknowledging good will can cut down the depreciation of the single assets.17-15:The two ratios which are multiplied together to give the pretax operating rate of return on mean entire assets are runing income per centum on gross revenues and entire plus turnover. The pretax operating rate of return on mean entire assets = runing income per centum on gross revenues * entire plus turnover.17-19:â€Å" If IBM had been forced to write off ( the package development cost of ) $ 785 million, its net incomes would hold been cut by 72 cents a portion. With IBM selling at 14 times gaining, write offing the cost might hold knocked over $ 10 off IBM ‘s portion monetary value. † The citation assumes that the ratio of monetary value net incomes is fixed. If the package development cost of $ 785 million, it means that there was a lessening in net income about $ 785 million, so the net incomes per portion was cut by 72 cents. Price gaining ratio is calculated by the market monetary value per portion / net incomes per portion. IBM monetary value gaining ratio is stable at 14 times and the net incomes per portion was cut by 72 cents are the grounds why the IBM ‘s portion monetary value reduced $ 10.17-20:Suppose the president of your company wanted to exchange depreciation methods to increase reported net income: â€Å" Our stock monetary value is 10 % below what I think it should be ; altering depreciation method will increase income by 10 % , therefore acquiring our portion monetary value up to its proper degree † . From my position, altering the depreciation methods is non a good manner. It can do income addition but it will make a incorrect value of the assets in the hereafter. Furthermore, we can non be certain that increasing reported net income will do the stock monetary value to lift, because the stock market does non wholly depend on the reported net income.Question 9:17-36Formula ViewQuestion 10:Digital splashboardsExecutive Summary This study provides inside informations about digital splashboards, includes the definition, types, history, benefits and disadvantages of digital splashboards. In add-on, it gives an illustration of digital splashboards screenshot every bit good as how splashboards could be used to show corporate societal duty. Introduction Digital splashboards play an of import function in direction information system as they are really utile to find the departmental public presentation of a company. Definition A splashboard is described as an executive information system which is easy to be read. Digital splashboards can be known as † existent clip visual image tools of critical concern indexs that help in determination devising † ( Dursteler, 2004 ) . They are the direction of all informations base within an organisation, so they can mensurate the departmental public presentation. Types There are three chief types of digital splashboards: stand entirely package applications, web-browser based applications, and desktop applications. History The thought of digital splashboards was based on the survey of determination support systems in 1970s. However, digital splashboards were appeared in the late of 1990s, with the rush of the web. Digital splashboard is one portion of Digital Nervous System concept which was developed by Microsoft in the same this period of clip ( From Wikipedia – Splashboards ) . Benefits There are many benefits of digital splashboards as they help directors command the varied sections in their companies. These are the other maps of digital splashboards: – Ocular presentation of public presentation steps – Identify and right negative tendencies – Measure efficiencies/inefficiencies – Generate elaborate studies demoing new tendencies – Brand determinations based on concern intelligence – Align schemes and organisational ends – Save clip over running multiple studies – Addition entire visibleness of all systems immediately ( From Wikipedia – Splashboards ) Disadvantages Digital splashboards measure the public presentation based on input informations of companies. Therefore, if the information is non precisely, there will be a bad consequence in the measuring of digital splashboards and it will do a bad determination. Companies have to pass money to keep their information system in order to guarantee that digital splashboards can roll up available informations from all sections. Screenshot As we can see, this is the screen shooting of digital splashboards, which illustrates the day-to-day gross revenues of an organisation in October 2003. We can see the sum of day-to-day units sold every bit good as the day-to-day cargos ( Dursteler, 2004 ) . How splashboards could be used to show corporate societal duty Splashboards monitor the public presentation of an organisation so it could be used to show corporate societal duty. Splashboards reflect the duty of an organisation which has to run into the community aspirations. Decision and Recommendations In decision, based on available informations, digital splashboards are really utile for organisations to supervise their concern public presentation and doing determinations. Digital splashboards should be used loosely in companies in order to assist companies develop in the right manner.d. Why might the Enron prostration make a good drama?Executive Summary The dislocation of Enron is really celebrated over the universe and there is a drama about this dirt. This study gives information about the history of Enron and the Enron drama, the accounting job which made Enron autumn and the lesson we can larn from this company. Introduction Enron Corporation used to be the most powerful American energy companies in Houston, Texas. However, the rapid prostration of Enron created a large dirt in the fiscal history. In 2009, the drama – Enron was written by the British dramatist Lucy Prebble, based on the Enron dirt. It won many awards for best new drama every bit good as best manager and best histrion ( From Wikipedia – Enron, the drama ) . So why might the Enron prostration make a good drama? History Enron was established in 1985 by the amalgamation between Houston Natural Gas and InterNorth. There were about 21,000 employees in this company and it was one of the universe ‘s taking in electricity, natural gas, mush and paper. In 2000, it reported the grosss of $ 111 billion dollars. However, in the terminal of 2001, it collapsed so rapidly in an incredible manner. ( Healy and Palepu, 2003, p4 ) The prostration of Enron The autumn of Enron was started in August 2001, when CEO Jeffrey Skilling resigned for unrevealed grounds. After that, it fell into loss and debt. Finally, on December 2, 2001, the company declared bankruptcy. The accounting job One of the chief grounds why Enron collapsed is the accounting issues. Mark Jickling ( 2002, p3 ) , Coordinator Specialist in Public Finance Government and Finance Division, mentioned in his study that Enron ‘s operations and fundss position were non been shown clearly in the fiscal statements to stockholders and analysts. In late 2001, Enron recognized that some new concerns were non runing every bit good as expected. It had to sell its electric power works, Portland General Corp. , at a loss of $ 1.1 billion on October 5, 2001. ( Healy and Palepu, 2003, p12 ) With these accounting jobs, the Enron ‘s stock monetary value was halved while its adoption costs were increased. On November 28, Enron ‘s accepted to be acquired by its rival, Dynergy, in order to avoid bankruptcy. On November 28, Enron ‘s public debt was dropped to debris bond position, so Dynergy drew back. ( Healy and Palepu, 2003, p12 ) As a consequence, on December 2, 2001, Enron led for bankruptcy with its stock monetary value at merely $ 0.26. ( Healy and Palepu, 2003, p12 ) Lesson from Enron dirt The autumn of Enron in a short-time created a lesson for all companies in the universe. One of the most of import for all companies to do a concern viable is the direction of their fiscal coverage so companies can guarantee everything is right. The lesson from many fiscal errors of Enron made a good drama, Enron – the Play.Mentions:Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Committee ( COSO ) . ( 1992 ) . Internal Control- Integrated Framework, Executive Summary. www.coso.org. Juan C. Dursteler ( 2004 ) . Digital Dashboards. The digital magazine of InfoVis.net.Retrieved April 12th 2004 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.infovis.net/printMag.php? num=143 & A ; lang=2 Horngren, et Al. ( 2008 ) . Introduction to direction accounting ( 14th Ed. ) . Pearson: Prentice Hall Wikipedia – Splashboards. Retrieved from: hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dashboards_ % 28management_information_systems % 29 Wikipedia – Enron, the drama Retrieved from: hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENRON_ % 28play % 29

Commedia Del’Arte Essay

Columbina is the perky maid of the ‘Old Man’, Pantalone. She is better dressed than the male servants as she is also a lady’s maid. She usually wears a knee length dress and an apron. The colouring of her clothes can be different in different acts, depending on her relationships with the characters and the scenario. She can be in a similar scheme to Arlecchino (where she is sometimes known as Arlecchina with similar diamonds and triangles), or if she is assigned to a rival family of Arlecchino’s, she can be in that scheme. In cases where she is an independent character, she can be in blacks and whites in the spirit of a French Maid. Columbina does not usually wear a mask but sometimes wears one covering only her eyes. Her signature props are a tambourine and a basket. Her physical appearance is attractive, perky and petite with a tiny waist, wide hips and lots of cleavage. She walks as if she is skipping on air with a little flick of the foot at the end of each step. All her posses are usually seductive and accentuate her cleavage. Her movement continues during speaking, shifting balance from one foot to the other and moving her head sharply as if searching for someone other than the person being addressed. She’s fast and nimble in order to escape unwanted attentions or to butt in, and can escape from a situation. She is happy and carefree, yet when assigned a task moves with speed and efficiency. This is one of her strongest traits in being a good servant. Her speech is sharp and gossipy with frequent variations of pitch. She Loves Arlecchino, but sees through him. She therefore scolds him, punishes him, deserts him, takes him back, but in the end he does not change and she has to accept him for what he is, which is still more lovable than Il Dottore, Pantalone and Il Capitano. She can be very affectionate to other characters as well, and her affections seem to flow through her physically, but she always holds something back. As a result she is pestered by other men, especially Il Capitano and Pantalone. She is always ready to help the Lovers, perhaps through natural sympathy with their plight. She is a spectator herself. She has a very strong relationship with the audience, almost confidential in the sense that she too can see what fools the rest of them are. She also often flirts with the spectators. She appears almost if not before her name is called, always being on step ahead of her master and finishes sentences for her master too, which she sometimes uses in her favour. When a situation gets out of control, she becomes the dominant voice to put everyone and everything back in its place. She even beats the male characters in strength and intelligence, sometimes even her master. ISABELLA Isabella is the daughter of Pantalone, the old man. Because of her fathers status she had the newest fashion, and usually showed off her wardrobe, wigs and shoes often. She wore stunning silk dresses, often in antique Renaissance style with necklaces of gold and pearls. She is young and attractive and modest but at times can be selfish. Isabella did not usually wear a mask but did sometimes wear a small mask that covered only her eyes. Her signature props are a handkerchief, book and a fan. She has a lack of firm contact with the earth. Her chest and heart appear heavy. They are full of breath, but then take little pants on top. Her posture is correct and tall and is always very proud. Her walk is small as her steps are little. Isabella’s posses are of an innocent and happy nature; leaning to one side with one leg pointed outwards, and hands in praying position touching cheek as if sleeping. Another is the back of her hand on her forehead, tilted back as if in agony as well as her chin resting on hands laying on top of each other or fingers interlocked and the head slightly tilted. Her movements are exaggerated, especially her hands and arms, which are like  feathers flapping in the wind. She often manipulates her hankie and frequently looks in a hand mirror. Any imperfection can spell disaster. Her speech is refined, however lacking pretentiousness and is never lost for the correct phrase. The lovers are in love with themselves being in love. They love each other, but are more preoccupied with being seen as lovers. They often feign mild hatred. She is extremely aware of being watched and plays with the audience for sympathy in their plight and ccasionally flirts with spectators. She is flirtatious, headstrong, has dramatic intensity and feigned madness due to passionate love and can be prudish. She can be hot and cold. i.e. prone to mood swings and is a tease with an independent will. She is vain, petulant, spoilt, full of doubt and have very little patience. She has a masochistic enjoyment of enforced separation because it enables her to dramatize their situation, lament, moan, send messages, etc. When her and Lelio do meet they are almost always tongue-tied and need interpreters who proceed to misinterpret their statements, either through stupidity (Zanni), malicious desire for revenge (Brighella) or calculated self-interest (Columbina). Isabella’s attention span is short like a young child’s and her fear that she might be a nobody keeps her hyper-animated. ARLECCHINO Arlecchino has an enduring magical power, a testimony perhaps to the mystery of it origin. He is a servant and jester, usually to Pantalone, but also frequently Il’Capitano, or Il’ Dottore. He wears a tight-fitting long jacket and trousers, sewn over with random, odd-shapen patches of green, yellow, red and brown – possibly remnants of leaves†¦ The jacket is laced down the front with a thong and caught by a black belt worn very low on the hips. The shoes are flat and black. He wears a beret, or later a malleable felt hat with a narrow brim, with a feather or tail of a fox, apparently this was a sign of the wearer being a butt of ridicule. Coloured in deep earth tones with warm coloured diamond shaped patches, Arlecchino is always ready to spring into action in a clumsy yet graceful manner. He is ragged, yet sleek. His wears a mask that gives him a low forehead with a wart and has small round eyes. Arlecchino’s signature props included his batocchio, meaning in Italian ‘ clapper inside the bell,’ which he always carries. He is continuously in a lowered position, with his hands on his hips with his thumbs in his belt. He walks in sly and comical way by taking a couple steps followed by a quick tip toe. This walk shows alacrity; he also uses it to show off in front of Columbina. His joints are often loose and floppy. When Arlecchino spots someone, the mask moves first; he then hops round and into the gesture of greeting. He is physically quick and slow mentally, in contrast with Brighella (who can, however, be fast physically when he needs to be). His gestures extend to the fingertips with each digit having a separate articulation. His speech is guttural and hoarse from street hawking and the are no pauses or silences for the sake of effect – he either speaks continuously or doesn’t speak at all. Arlecchino is in love with Columbina, but his sexual appetite is immediate in terms of any passing woman. He is occasionally aware the audience is there and can make asides during which he gives his full attention to the spectators before returning to complete absorption in the action. His character is a mixture of ignorance, naivete, wit, stupidity and grace. He is both a rake and an overgrown boy with occasional gleams of intelligence, and his mistakes and clumsiness often have wayward charm. His acting is patterned on the lithe, agile grace of a young cat, and he has a superficial coarseness which makes his performances all the more amusing. He plays the role of a faithful valet, always patient, credulous, and greedy. He is enternally amorous, and is constantly in difficulties either on his own or on his master’s account. He is hurt and confronted in turn as easily as a child, and his grief is almost as comic as his joy. Lelio Lelio is one of the lovers (Isabella’s partner) and is usually the son of Il Dottore or has no relations. He is high in stature, but is usually brought low by the hopelessness of his infatuation. He wears the latest fashion, which at that time was to be dresses as a young soldier or cadet. Sometimes he dressed in an over fashionable colour scheme that was very feminine with a great deal of flair. Lelio is young, attractive, modest, courteous and gallant. He occasionally wears a mask that covers only his eyes but often went unmasked. His signature prop is a handkerchief. His feet have a lack of firm contact with the earth, making his stance and walk air like. His chest and heart appear heavy and full of breath. His legs are usually tightly together, with only one foot firmly planted on the ground, and the other crawling upward like he has to go to the loo. He does not walk as much as tweeter, due to the instability of his base. First the head leans the other way to the body sway. Then the arms have to be used, one above the other, as a counterweight like and off balance tip toe. His pose can be anything that might look Vogue and whenever he is sitting, his legs are crossed in a feminine matter. Lelio’s movements are well-to-do but ridiculously exaggerated. His movement comes at the point of overbalance, leading to a sideways rush towards a new focus, with his arms left trailing behind. When stopping at the new point (usually the beloved or some token thereof) before almost touching it. The Lovers (he and Isabella) have little or no physical contact. When there is any, the minimum has maximum effect. Lelio is often holding a handkerchief or flower, etc. in his leading hand. His arms never make identical shapes and because of his vanity, he  frequently looks in a hand mirror, only to become upset by any minor imperfection that is discovered. He is always looking to see if a ribbon or sequin is out of place. A button found on the floor or a blemish in the coiffure equals disaster. His speech makes great display of courtly words and baroque metaphors, also knowing large extracts of poems by heart. He speaks softly in musical sentences which are often flamboyant, hyperbolical and full of amorous rhetoric. When it comes to women, his words are the only thing that shows that he might have any interest. His body language, actions, tone, all contradict any infatuation he may have with a female. The only reason why he would express an interest in a female is because he loves the idea of love. However he seems genuinely more in love with himself and other male characters before he is in love with a woman. He relate exclusively to himself – he is in love with himself being in love. The last person he actually relates to in the course of the action is often Isabella. When he and she do meet they have great difficulty in communicating with each other (usually because of the nerves). And they relate to their servants only in terms of pleading for help. The Lovers love each other, yet are more preoccupied with being seen as lovers, undergoing all the hardships of being in such a plight, than with actual fulfilment. Consequently they frequently scorn each other and feign mild hatred; they rebut, despair, reconcile, but eventually end up marrying in the way of true love when the game is up and they know they cannot play any more. Lelio is extremely aware of being watched. He plays with the audience for sympathy in their plight and occasionally flirts with spectators. Lelio is indispensable. Without him and his inability to resolve problems with Isabella, there would be no struggle between the ineffectuality of youth and the implacability of age. The lovers are never alone on stage –  they always have someone with them or spying on them.

Twin Studies

This essay discusses twin studies with particular emphasis on the role of genetics on intelligence and personality characteristics. There has been an ongoing debate whether intelligence and personality is based on genetic predisposition or not; and basing from existing literature, twin studies show significant evidence that genes do play a significant part. Separated Twins Twin studies have been beneficial and informative regarding the mentioned debate. Identical twins become a good medium to learn from as they are 100% genetically the same. In a situation where the twins are separated and reared apart, what happens?In a work written by Lawrence Wright, he relates the story of female identical twins that grew apart and was reunited. He said that since they are genetically the same, â€Å"one could evaluate the environmental effects on the twins' personalities, their behavior, their health, their intelligence† (1997). In this particular study, the twins, Amy and Beth, were brou ght to two separate homes after birth. Amy was placed in a family where she was seen as a problem and was treated like an outsider. Amy’s mother was physically unfit and suffered from low self esteem.In contrast, Beth was treated well in the family she was adopted in and her mother did everything she can to make Beth a real part of the family. The results showed that during childhood, both child manifested same habits as â€Å"thumb-sucking, nail-biting, blanket-clenching, and bed-wetting. (1997)† Moreover, they were both afraid of being left alone. Both had school problems and problems among friends and schoolmates. Though Amy had a good mother, her psychological tests show she had â€Å"a longing for maternal affection,† which as maintained by Wright â€Å"was eerily the same as her identical sister's† (1997).Apparently, basing from the results of the study, despite growing up in different conditions, Amy and Beth were alike pathologically (Wright 1997) . In addition to this, Wright mentions that â€Å"Matters that instinctively seem to be a reflection of one's personal experience, such as political orientation or the degree of religious commitment, have been shown by various twin studies to be partly under genetic control† (1997). This demonstrates how significant a part genetics play alongside environment.On the basis of this study, Wright believes that despite external factors, genetics still rule and determine a person’s traits. Conclusion Despite the significance of twin studies, especially like in the case of Amy and Beth, it appears that much of what a person becomes may be considerably attributed to genetic factors. However, as Wright himself says, this matter has been debated on for centuries. On regards intelligence, it still cannot be established as there are variations among IQ results of both fraternal and identical twins.According to Medical News Today, there are indeed hereditary factors that affect the size of the brain. However, â€Å"the mechanisms by which interaction between genes and environment occur throughout life as well as dynamics of brain structure and its association with brain functioning still remain unknown† (2007). This suggests that further studies regarding the matter is necessary to arrive at a conclusion. Twin studies will continue to be useful in further discoveries on the study of genetics and its relationship with human intelligence and personality development.

Relationship between productivity and the cost of production Essay

What is the relationship between productivity and the cost of production? The relationship between productivity and the cost of production is your cost per day or per hour compared to your productivity. By examine these two things together. The productivity which is your output for the amount of hours worked compared to the total cost of a certain item – you will be able to reach a â€Å"break even analysis† showing you how much you need to a make minus the total coast to make a certain amount of money. Why is the demand of labor a derived demand? The request for labor is derivative from the production and demand for the item that is being demanded. If the demand for a particular item increases two things usually take place – Most likely the cost of the item will increase and the demand for manufacture labor will increase soon the equilibrium price and production numbers will meet What is the relationship between productivity and the wages earned by employees where you work or at an organization with which you are familiar? Usually but not in all cases, the more an employee produces the more valuable they are because they are adding value to the company but this is not always true and example would be a sweat shop . What are some factors that determine the level of your income? Explain your answer. A person’s level of education an example will be; someone with a Master’s degree with is valued more than someone with a high school diploma. A person’s special skill set will be in high demand due to the scarcity of being able to replace them and how long it took to gain the knowledge they have, an example would be a highly skilled brain surgeon. Also the amount of danger involved in doing a certain job, there are certain jobs that are extremely dangerous and not many people are willing to do them so the demand for the person who will do it would be high, example would be cleaning the windows of the Burj Khalifa building in Dubai. Describe an example you are familiar with in which a technological innovation led to an improvement in productivity. What was the effect on the cost of doing business or activity in which this technology was employed? How did this affect the prices of related inputs? There are many technology innovations which led to improved productivity but the one that stands out most in my mind would be the cell phone. Before cellphones people had to stay in touch through either a land line or a public phone. The cell phone made the need for both of these obsolete. When cell phones first came out they were very expensive and only a select few had them, today people change cell phones due to the low cost, like they buy a new pair of sneakers. Today’s cell phones are like mini computers, they give sales men, business deals, and anyone else constant access to information and to one another, this alone raises productivity.